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Corruption in Sudan is substantial, as it is considered one of the most corrupt countries in the world. On the 2011 Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index, Sudan was 177th out of 183 countries, with a score of 1.6 on a 0 10 scale. On the 2010 World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators, on a scale of 0 100, it scored in the single digits in every category, including 0.9 for political stability, 6.2 for rule of law, 7.2 for regulatory quality, 6.7 for government effectiveness, and 4.3 for control of corruption. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work =Transparency International )〕 It ranked 174th (out of 177) in the (Corruption Perception Index ) 2013. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work =Business Anti Corruption Portal )〕 In 2011 Freedom House named Sudan as one of nine nations with the worst record for human rights.〔 Sudan presents one of the most challenging business environments in the world.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/sudan/show-all.aspx )〕 Sectors where foreign investments are concentrated, such as construction and transportation, are recognized worldwide as being very prone to corruption. Corruption exists in every sector of the economy and in every level of the Sudanese government. It takes the form of “financial and political corruption, nepotism, and misuse of power.”〔 According to the Sudan Democracy First Group, citizens seeking access to services and goods in both public and private spaces like transportation, medical care, banking, police services, and other agencies must deal with petty corruption〔(【引用サイトリンク】 work =Sudan Democracy First Group )〕 One source notes the ubiquity in Sudan of “petty and grand corruption, embezzlement of public funds, and a system of political patronage well entrenched within the fabrics of society,” and adds that evidence of the effects of this corruption is scarce and often obfuscated by the nation's constant instability. While patronage negatively affects small to medium-sized businesses, corruption among police and security forces infringe on civil rights.〔 In recent years, Sudan has enjoyed rapid economic growth, mainly owing to its natural resources, including petroleum, natural gas, silver, gold, and crude oil. This situation has provided increasing opportunities for corruption. 〔 ==Background== Colonel Omar al-Bashir seized power in a 1989 coup, and proclaimed himself president in 1993. He took several extreme measures, including dissolving parliament and trade unions, banning political parties, silencing independent newspapers and introducing Islamic legal code to the nation, "transforming the country within a short period of time into an authoritarian Islamic single-party state." The result was a rapid decline in human rights. 〔 The country's civil war ended in 2005, and in 2011 South Sudan became an independent country. Instability remained, however, and Sudan continued to occupy a high position on the Failed State Index. Meanwhile, a conflict escalated throughout the Western region of Darfur, with violent guerrilla warfare igniting between government-supported Janjaweed forces and rebel groups demanding greater autonomy and a share of state natural resources. By 2009 the ongoing conflict was considered a genocide enacted by the al-Bashir government causing the International Criminal Court (ICC) to issue an arrest warrant for Omar al-Bashir on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity. A second warrant, issued the next year, charged him with genocide. 〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Corruption in Sudan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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